Java, Java, Java

Suppose you wish to write a program to help break a text message that has been encrypted with one of the historical ciphers that we have discussed in the two previous chapters. It is well known that historical ciphers of- ten can be broken, that is, the plaintext can be found from the ciphertext, by examining the frequencies of letters and comparing them to the aver- age frequencies of typical samples of plaintext. For example, E and T are the two most frequently used letters in the English language. So, in a ci- phertext encrypted with a Caesar cipher, E and T are good guesses as the

 

plaintext letter corresponding to the most frequent letter in a ciphertext message.

Let’s write a program that will count how many times each of the 26 letters of the English language appears in a given string. There are a num- ber of ways to design such a program depending on how flexible you wish the program to be. Let us keep this example simple by assuming that we will only be interested in counting occurrences of the letters A through Z and not of occurrences of spaces or punctuation marks. Assume further that we will change lowercase letters in our string sample to uppercase before counting letters and that we will want to print out the frequencies of letters to the console window. Finally, assume that, later in the chapter after we discuss sorting arrays, we will want to enhance our program so that it can print out the letter frequencies in order of increasing frequency.

A Class to Store the Frequency of One Letter

It is clear that an array should be used for storing the frequencies, but a decision must also be made as to what to store as the array elements. If we store letter frequencies as int values, with the frequency of A stored at index 0, and the frequency of B at index 1, and so forth, we will not be able to rearrange the frequencies into increasing order without losing track of which letter corresponds to which frequency. One way of solving this problem is to create an array of objects, where each object stores both a letter and its frequency.

So let us design a LetterFreq class that stores a letter in an instance variable of type char and its frequency in an instance variable of type int. These instance variables can be declared as:

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We will want a constructor that can initialize these two values and two accessor methods to return these values. We are familiar enough with these kinds of methods that it will not be necessary to discuss them any further. We need one additional method to increment freq whenever we encounter the letter while processing the string:

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A UML diagram for the LetterFreq class is given in Figure 9.9 and the class definition is given in Figure 9.10. Note that we will have to make

a minor modification to this class later in this chapter to enable us to sort

an array of objects from this class.

 

Figure9.9:UMLfor

LetterFreq.

A Class to Count Letter Frequencies

Now let us turn to designing a class named AnalyzeFreq that will use an array of objects of type LetterFreq to count the frequencies of the letters A through Z in a given string. The array, let’s call it freqArr, will be the only instance variable of the class. The class needs a constructor to instantiate the array and to create the 26 array elements, each with a

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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Figure 9.10: The LetterFreq class definition.

 

 

 

different letter and an initial frequency of 0. This class should also have two methods: a method to count the frequencies of the 26 letters in a given string and a method that prints out the frequency of each letter to the console window. The UML diagram for the class is given in Figure 9.11.

The array instance variable can be declared by:

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The constructor creates an array of 26 elements to store references to

LetterFreq objects with the statement

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Figure9.11:UMLfor

JAnalyzeFreq.

The indices of the array range from 0 to 25 and the elements at these locations should store the letters A to Z. Recall that in Java, char data are a form of int data and can be used in arithmetic. If we let k be an integer that ranges between 0 and 25, then the expression (char)(’A’

+ k) will correspond to the letters A to Z. . Thus, the following loop will initialize the array correctly.

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The countLetters() method must identify the array index for LetterFreq object that stores a letter between A and Z. If let is a char variable that stores such a letter, then the expression (let - ’A’) will give the index of the array element corresponding to let. Thus the fol-

 

lowing code will calculate the frequencies the letters in the string param- eter, str:

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The definition of the printArray() method is completely straight for- ward:

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The entire definition of AnalyzeFreq is given in Figure 9.12. We will modify this class later in the chapter to be able to sort the array after count- ing. The following main() method, either in this class or in its own class will demonstrate how the class methods are used.

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SELF-STUDY EXERCISES

EXERCISE 9.7 Rewrite the main() of the AnalyzeFreq class so that it opens a file named freqtest.txt and counts the frequencies of the letters of the text stored in the file. You will need to use the Scanner class to read from the file as was done in Chapter 4. Create a file named freqtest.txt that contains several hundred characters of typical En- glish text to test the new main() method