Chapter 6: Electronic Structure and Periodic Properties of Elements Vocabulary
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Special | A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z | ALL
A |
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amplitudeextent of the displacement caused by a wave | |
angular momentum quantum numberquantum number distinguishing the different shapes of orbitals; it is also a measure of the orbital angular momentum; abbreviated l | ||
atomic orbital | |
Aufbau principle | |
B |
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blackbodyidealized perfect absorber of all incident electromagnetic radiation; such bodies emit electromagnetic radiation in characteristic continuous spectra called blackbody radiation | |
Bohr’s model of the hydrogen atomstructural model in which an electron moves around the nucleus only in circular orbits, each with a specific allowed radius | |
C |
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continuous spectrumelectromagnetic radiation given off in an unbroken series of wavelengths (e.g., white light from the sun) | |
core electron | |
covalent radiusone-half the distance between the nuclei of two identical atoms when they are joined by a covalent bond | |
D |
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d orbital | |
E |
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effective nuclear chargecharge that leads to the Coulomb force exerted by the nucleus on an electron, calculated as the nuclear charge minus shielding | |
electromagnetic radiationenergy transmitted by waves that have an electric-field component and a magnetic-field component | |
electromagnetic spectrumrange of energies that electromagnetic radiation can comprise including radio, microwaves, infrared, visible, ultraviolet, X-rays, and gamma rays | |
electron affinity | |
electron configuration | |
electron densitya measure of the probability of locating an electron in a particular region of space, it is equal to the squared absolute value of the wave functionψ | |
excited statestate having an energy greater than the ground-state energy | |
F |
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f orbital | |
frequencynumber of wave cycles (peaks or troughs) that pass a specified point in space per unit time | ||
G |
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ground state | |
H |
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Heisenberg uncertainty principlerule stating that it is impossible to exactly determine both certain conjugate dynamical properties such as the momentum and the position of a particle at the same time. The uncertainty principle is a consequence of quantum particles exhibiting wave–particle duality | |
hertz | ||
Hund’s ruleevery orbital in a subshell is singly occupied with one electron before any one orbital is doubly occupied, and all electrons in singly occupied orbitals have the same spin | |
I |
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intensityproperty of wave-propagated energy related to the amplitude of the wave, such as brightness of light or loudness of sound | |
interference patternpattern typically consisting of alternating bright and dark fringes; it results from constructive and destructive interference of waves | |
ionization energy | |
isoelectronic | |
L |
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line spectrumelectromagnetic radiation emitted at discrete wavelengths by a specific atom (or atoms) in an excited state | |
M |
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magnetic quantum numberquantum number signifying the orientation of an atomic orbital around the nucleus | |
N |
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nodeany point of a standing wave with zero amplitude | |
O |
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orbital diagram | |
P |
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p orbital | |
Pauli exclusion principlespecifies that no two electrons in an atom can have the same value for all four quantum numbers | |
photonsmallest possible packet of electromagnetic radiation, a particle of light | |
principal quantum number | |
Q |
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quantizationlimitation of some property to specific discrete values, not continuous | |
quantum mechanicsfield of study that includes quantization of energy, wave-particle duality, and the Heisenberg uncertainty principle to describe matter | |
quantum numbernumber having only specific allowed values and used to characterize the arrangement of electrons in an atom | |
S |
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s orbital | |
shellatomic orbitals with the same principal quantum number, n | |
spin quantum numbernumber specifying the electron spin direction, either +1/2 or -1/2 | |
subshellatomic orbitals with the same values of n and l | |
V |
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valence electronselectrons in the high energy outer shell(s) of an atom | |
valence shellhigh energy outer shell(s) of an atom | |
W |
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waveoscillation of a property over time or space; can transport energy from one point to another | |
wave-particle dualityobservation that elementary particles can exhibit both wave-like and particle-like properties | |
wavefunction (ψ)mathematical description of an atomic orbital that describes the shape of the orbital; it can be used to calculate the probability of finding the electron at any given location in the orbital, as well as dynamical variables such as the energy and the angular momentum | |
wavelength (λ)distance between two consecutive peaks or troughs in a wave | |