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C

Chemical Nature of Reactants

The inherent properties of the reactants determine reaction speed; some substances react faster than others even under identical conditions.

Concentration of Reactants

Higher reactant concentrations usually lead to faster reaction rates due to increased collision frequency.

P

Physical State of Reactants

Reactions require intimate contact; reactants in different phases react only at their interface. Smaller particle size increases surface area and reaction rate.

Presence of a Catalyst

Catalysts increase reaction rates without being consumed themselves; they provide an alternative reaction pathway with lower activation energy.

T

Temperature

Higher temperatures generally increase reaction rates; a 10°C increase often doubles the rate.